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track spikes
Track spikes, or just spikes, are pointed protrusions usually made of metal, ceramic or plastic that are screwed into the bottom of most track and field shoes to increase traction and minimize the likelihood of slipping. The term "spikes" can also refer to track shoes featuring such protrusions. Spikes are similar to studs which are used for team sports, although generally smaller and with a sharp point.
==History==
Track spikes had become popular in England by the 1860s, but the concept of spikes in shoes to give running traction has been around much longer. As written in the 1852 publication of ''Calmet's Dictionary of the Holy Bible'' regarding military arms at the time of Paul the Apostle (c. 5 - c. 67): In 1934, American football player and coach Pop Warner recommended them for running events in his widely distributed book, ''"Pop" Warner's book for boys.''
In 2012, a field research study was conducted by personal trainer and running expert, Ray Mellam. Dr. Mellam's study argued that track spikes can slow a runner down when participating in certain events, particularly the 400m hurdles. This discovery has yet to be peer reviewed.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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